World War II Battle of the Bulge

The Battle of the Bulge was German offensive and key engagement of World War II, which lasted from December 16, 1944 until January 25, 1945. During the Battle of the Bulge, 20,876 Allied soldiers were killed, while another 42,893 were wounded, and 23,554 captured/missing. German losses numbered 15,652 killed, 41,600 wounded, and 27,582 captured/missing. Defeated in the campaign, Germany lost its offensive capability in the West. By early February, the lines returned to their December 16 location. Armies and Commanders Allies General Dwight D. EisenhowerGeneral Omar BradleyField Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery830,000 men424 tanks/armored vehicles and 394 guns Germany Field Marshal Walter ModelField Marshal Gerd von RundstedtGeneral Sepp DietrichGeneral Hasso von Manteuffel500,000 men500 tanks/armored vehicles and 1,900 guns Background and Context With the situation on the Western Front rapidly deteriorating in the fall of 1944, Adolf Hitler issued a directive for an offensive designed to stabilize the German position. Assessing the strategic landscape, he determined that it would be impossible to strike a decisive blow against the Soviets on the Eastern Front. Turning west, Hitler hoped to exploit the strained relationship between General Omar Bradley and Field Marshal Sir Bernard Montgomery by attacking near the boundary of their 12th and 21st Army Groups. Hitlers ultimate goal was to compel the U.S. and U.K. to sign a separate peace so that Germany could focus its efforts against the Soviets in the East. Going to work, Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (Army High Command, OKW) developed several plans including one that called for a blitzkrieg-style attack through the thinly defended Ardennes, similar to the assault conducted during the Battle of France in 1940. The German Plan The final objective of this attack would be the capture of Antwerp which would split the American and British armies in the area, and would deprive the Allies of a badly needed seaport. Selecting this option, Hitler entrusted its execution to Field Marshals Walter Model and Gerd von Rundstedt. In preparing for the offensive, both felt that the capture of Antwerp was too ambitious and lobbied for more realistic alternatives. While Model favored a single drive west then north, von Rundstedt advocated for dual thrusts into Belgium and Luxembourg. In both cases, German forces would not cross the Meuse River. These attempts to change Hitlers mind failed and he directed his original plan to be employed.   To carry out the operation, General Sepp Dietrichs 6th SS Panzer Army would attack in the north with the goal of taking Antwerp. In the center, the assault would be made by General Hasso von Manteuffels 5th Panzer Army, with the goal of taking Brussels, while General Erich Brandenbergers 7th Army would advance in the south with orders to protect the flank. Operating under radio silence and taking advantage of poor weather which hampered Allied scouting efforts, the Germans moved the necessary forces into place. Running low on fuel, a key element of the plan was the successful capture of Allied fuel depots as the Germans lacked sufficient fuel reserves to reach Antwerp under normal combat conditions. To support the offensive, a special unit led by Otto Skorzeny was formed to infiltrate the Allied lines dressed as American soldiers. Their mission was to spread confusion and disrupt Allied troop movements. Allies in the Dark On the Allied side, the high command, led by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, was essentially blind to German movements due to a variety of factors. Having claimed air superiority along the front, Allied forces typically could rely on reconnaissance aircraft to provide detailed information on German activities. Due to the decaying weather, these aircraft were grounded. Additionally, due to the proximity to their homeland, the Germans increasingly used telephone and telegraph networks rather than radio for transmitting orders.  As a result, there were fewer radio transmissions for Allied code breakers to intercept. Believing the Ardennes to be a quiet sector, it was used as a recovery and training area for units that had seen heavy action or were inexperienced. In addition, most indications were that the Germans were preparing for a defensive campaign and lacked the capabilities for a large-scale offensive. Though this mentality permeated much of the Allied command structure, some intelligence officers, such as Brigadier General Kenneth Strong and Colonel Oscar Koch, warned that the Germans might attack in the near future, and that it would come against the U.S. VIII Corps in the Ardennes. The Attack Begins Commencing at 5:30 AM on December 16, 1944, the German offensive opened with a heavy barrage on the 6th Panzer Armys front. Pushing forward, Dietrichs men attacked American positions on Elsenborn Ridge and Losheim Gap in an attempt to break through to Lià ¨ge. Meeting heavy resistance from the 2nd and 99th Infantry Divisions, he was forced to commit his tanks to the battle. In the center, von Manteuffels troops opened a gap through the 28th and 106th Infantry Divisions, capturing two U.S. regiments in the process and increasing pressure on the town of St. Vith. Meeting increasing resistance, 5th Panzer Armys advance was slowed allowing the 101st Airborne to deploy by truck to the vital crossroads town of Bastogne. Fighting in snowstorms, the foul weather prevented Allied air power from dominating the battlefield. In the south, Brandenbergers infantry was essentially stopped by the U.S. VIII Corps after a four-mile advance. On December 17, Eisenhower and his commanders concluded that the attack was an all-out offensive rather than a local assault, and began rushing reinforcements to the area. At 3:00 a.m. on December 17, Colonel Friedrich August von der Heydte dropped with a German airborne force with the goal of capturing crossroads near Malmedy. Flying through foul weather, von der Heydtes command was scattered during the drop, and forced to fight as guerillas for the remainder of the battle. Later that day, members of Colonel Joachim Peipers Kampfgruppe Peiper captured and executed around 150 American POWs at Malmedy. One of the spearheads of 6th Panzer Armys attack, Peipers men captured Stavelot the next day before pressing onto Stoumont. Encountering heavy resistance at Stoumont, Peiper became cut off when American troops retook Stavelot on December 19. After attempting to break through to German lines, Peipers men, out of fuel, were forced to abandon their vehicles and fight on foot. To the south, American troops under Brigadier General Bruce Clarke fought a critical holding action at St. Vith. Forced to fall back on the 21st, they were soon driven from their new lines by the 5th Panzer Army. This collapse led to the encirclement of the 101st Airborne and the 10th Armored Divisions Combat Command B at Bastogne. The Allies Respond As the situation was developing at St. Vith and Bastogne, Eisenhower met with his commanders at Verdun on December 19. Seeing the German attack as an opportunity to destroy their forces in the open, he began issuing instructions for counterattacks. Turning to Lieutenant General George Patton, he asked how long it would take for Third Army to shift its advance north. Having anticipated this request, Patton had already begun issuing orders to this end and replied 48 hours. At Bastogne, the defenders beat off numerous German assaults while fighting in bitter cold weather. Short on supplies and ammunition, the 101sts commander, Brigadier General Anthony McAuliffe rebuffed a German demand to surrender with the famed reply Nuts! As the Germans were attacking at Bastogne, Field Marshal Bernard Montgomery was shifting forces to hold the Germans at the Meuse. With Allied resistance increasing, clearing weather allowing Allied fighter-bombers to enter the battle, and dwindling fuel supplies, the German offensive began to sputter, and the farthest advance was halted 10 miles short of the Meuse on December 24. With Allied counter attacks increasing, and lacking fuel and ammunition, von Manteuffel asked for permission to withdraw on December 24. This was flatly denied by Hitler. Having completed their turn north, Pattons men broke through to Bastogne on December 26. Ordering Patton to press north in early January, Eisenhower directed Montgomery to attack south with the goal of meeting at Houffalize and trapping German forces. While these attacks were successful, delays on Montgomerys part allowed many of the Germans to escape, though they were forced to abandon their equipment and vehicles. In an effort to keep the campaign going, a major offensive was launched by the Luftwaffe on January 1, while a second German ground offensive began in Alsace. Falling back the Moder River, the U.S. 7th Army was able to contain and halt this attack. By January 25, German offensive operations ceased.

The Awareness of Alzheimer’s Disease and the Effect it has...

Alzheimer Disease is a disease in which the brain degenerates. Many people throughout the whole entire world are affected by this disease. The brain degenerates, and people begin to have trouble remembering things. The brain degeneration progresses over the duration of the disease until the diagnosed individual cannot function without help. Alzheimer is the most common form of dementia, and about 60 to 80 percent of all Dementia cases are Alzheimer’s disease. In compliance with this statistic, this means that Alzheimer’s is commonly used interchangeably with Dementia. However, there are many types of different Dementias, but Alzheimer’s is the most well recollected type of the disease. (Lu, 2) Lu give a great definition as to what†¦show more content†¦Patricia Callone states in her book, Alzheimers disease: The Dignity Within: a Handbook for Caregivers, Family, and Friends, â€Å"It seems to me that one of the most important tasks confronting a caregiver is to find information about the disease and how it affects the person physically and mentally. When caregivers, family members, and friends have accurate information, they can be the best possible caregivers (Callone, 1).† Action needs to take place in order to increase Alzheimer awareness, because an increase in the awareness of Alzheimer’s disease would benefit the world. This disease is not understood by many people. There are cases in which the families of an Alzheimer patient does not know, to an extent, what exactly happens during the duration of the Alzheimer disease. An increased awareness would help prevent this type of ignorance. Also, awareness would help increase the funding that the general public provides. Alzheimer awareness was very prominent a few years back, and there was a lot of big discoveries made within this period (Major Milestones in Alzheimer’s and Brain Research†). Alzheimer’s disease has come a very long ways since it was first discovered in 1906 (Barak). Many advances have been made as a result of the previous awareness. We need this type of awareness again; we need the support of the public. There is a vast need for this type ofShow MoreRelatedThe Disease Of Alzheimer s Disease1677 Words   |  7 Pagesone thing Alzheimer s cannot take away, and that is love. Love is not a memory - it s a feeling that resides in your heart and soul.† (Fade to Blank). 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The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Ten Free Essays

string(101) " last irritated look in his direction, then turned to Grace to continue their previous conversation\." Jack’s usual response when delivered unpleasant tidings was to smile. This was his response to pleasant news as well, of course, but anyone could grin when offered a compliment. It took talent to curve one’s lips in an upward direction when ordered, say, to clean out a chamber pot or risk one’s life by sneaking behind enemy lines to determine troop numbers. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Ten or any similar topic only for you Order Now But he generally managed it. Excrement†¦moving defenseless among the French†¦he always reacted with a dry quip and a lazy smile. This was not something he’d had to cultivate. Indeed, the midwife who’d brought him into the world swore to her dying day that he was the only baby she’d ever seen who emerged from his mother’s womb smiling. He disliked conflict. He always had, which had made his chosen professions – the military, followed by genteel crime – somewhat interesting. But firing a weapon at a nameless frog or lifting a necklace from the neck of an overfed aristocrat – this was not conflict. Conflict – to Jack – was personal. It was a lover’s betrayal, a friend’s insult. It was two brothers vying for their father’s approval, a poor relation forced to swallow her pride. It involved a sneer, or a shrill voice, and it left a body wondering if he’d offended someone. Or disappointed another. He had found, with a near one hundred percent success rate, that a grin and a jaunty remark could defuse almost any situation. Or change any topic. Which meant that he very rarely had to discuss matters that were not of his choosing. Nonetheless, this time, when faced with the dowager and her unexpected (although, really, he should have expected it) announcement, all he could do was stare at her and say, â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"We must go to Ireland,† she said again, in that obey-me tone he expected she had been born with. â€Å"There is no way we shall get to the bottom of the matter without visiting the site of the marriage. I assume Irish churches keep records?† Good God, did she think all of them were illiterate? Jack forced down a bit of bile and said quite tightly, â€Å"Indeed.† â€Å"Good.† The dowager turned back to her breakfast, the matter good and settled in her mind. â€Å"We shall find whoever performed the ceremony and obtain the register. It is the only way.† Jack felt his fingers bending and flexing beneath the table. It felt as if his blood were going to burst through his skin. â€Å"Wouldn’t you prefer to send someone in your stead?† he inquired. The dowager regarded him as she might an idiot. â€Å"Who could I possibly trust with a matter of such importance? No, it must be me. And you, of course, and Wyndham, since I expect he will want to see whatever proof we locate as well.† The usual Jack would never have let such a comment pass without his own, exceedingly ironic, One would think, but this current Jack – the one who was desperately trying to figure out how he might travel to Ireland without being seen by his aunt, uncle, or any of his cousins – actually bit his lip. â€Å"Mr. Audley?† Grace said quietly. He didn’t look at her. He refused to look at her. She’d see far more in his face than the dowager ever would. â€Å"Of course,† he said briskly. â€Å"Of course we must go.† Because really, what else could he say? Terribly sorry, but I can’t go to Ireland, as I killed my cousin? Jack had been out of society for a number of years, but he was fairly certain this would not be considered good breakfast table conversation. And yes, he knew that he had not pulled a trigger, and yes, he knew that he had not forced Arthur to buy a commission and enter the army along with him, and yes – and this was the worst of it – he knew that his aunt would never even dream of blaming him for Arthur’s death. But he had known Arthur. And more importantly, Arthur had known him. Better than anyone. He’d known his every strength – and his every weakness – and when Jack had finally closed the door on his disastrous university career and headed off to the military, Arthur had refused to allow him to go alone. And they both knew why. â€Å"It might be somewhat ambitious to try to depart tomorrow,† Grace said. â€Å"You will have to secure passage, and – â€Å" â€Å"Bah!† was the dowager’s response. â€Å"Wyndham’s secretary can manage it. It’s about time he earned his wages. And if not tomorrow, then the next day.† â€Å"Will you wish for me to accompany you?† Grace asked quietly. Jack was just about to interject that, damn yes, she’d be going, or else he would not, but the dowager gave her a haughty look and replied, â€Å"Of course. You do not think I would make such a journey without a companion? I cannot bring maids – the gossip, you know – and so I will need someone to help me dress.† â€Å"You know that I am not very good with hair,† Grace pointed out, and to Jack’s horror, he laughed. It was just a short little burst of it, tinged with a loathsome nervous edge, but it was enough for both ladies to stop their conversation, and their meal, and turn to him. Oh. Brilliant. How was he to explain this? Don’t mind me, I was simply laughing at the ludicrousness of it all. You with your hair, me with my dead cousin. â€Å"Do you find my hair amusing?† the dowager asked sharply. And Jack, because he had absolutely nothing to lose, just shrugged and said, â€Å"A bit.† The dowager let out an indignant huff, and Grace positively glared at him. â€Å"Women’s hair always amuses me,† he clarified. â€Å"So much work, when all anyone really wants is to see it down.† They both seemed to relax a bit. His comment may have been risque, but it took the personal edge off the insult. The dowager tossed one last irritated look in his direction, then turned to Grace to continue their previous conversation. You read "The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Ten" in category "Essay examples" â€Å"You may spend the morning with Maria,† she directed. â€Å"She will show you what to do. It can’t be that difficult. Pull one of the scullery maids up from the kitchen and practice upon her. She’ll be grateful for the opportunity, I’m sure.† Grace looked not at all enthused, but she nodded and murmured, â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"See to it that the kitchen work does not suffer,† the dowager said, finishing the last of her stewed apples. â€Å"An elegant coiffure is compensation enough.† â€Å"For what?† Jack asked. The dowager turned to him, her nose somehow looking pointier than usual. â€Å"Compensation for what?† he restated, since he felt like being contrary. The dowager stared at him a moment longer, then must have decided he was best ignored, because she turned back to Grace. â€Å"You may commence packing my things once you are done with Maria. And after that, see to it that a suitable story is set about for our absence.† She waved her hand in the air as if it were a trifle. â€Å"A hunting cottage in Scotland will do nicely. The Borders, I should think. No one will believe it if you say I went to the Highlands.† Grace nodded silently. â€Å"Somewhere off the well-trod path, however,† the dowager continued, looking as if she were enjoying herself. â€Å"The last thing I need is for one of my friends to attempt to see me.† â€Å"Do you have many friends?† Jack asked, his tone so perfectly polite that she’d be wondering all day if she’d been insulted. â€Å"The dowager is much admired,† Grace said quickly, perfect little companion that she was. Jack decided not to comment. â€Å"Have you ever been to Ireland?† Grace asked the dowager. But Jack caught the angry look she shot him before turning to her employer. â€Å"Of course not.† The dowager’s face pinched. â€Å"Why on earth would I have done so?† â€Å"It is said to have a soothing effect on one’s temperament,† Jack said. â€Å"Thus far,† the dowager retorted, â€Å"I am not much impressed with its influences upon one’s manners.† He smiled. â€Å"You find me impolite?† â€Å"I find you impertinent.† Jack turned to Grace with a sad sigh. â€Å"And here I thought I was meant to be the prodigal grandson, able to do no wrong.† â€Å"Everyone does wrong,† the dowager said sharply. â€Å"The question is how little wrong one does.† â€Å"I would think,† Jack said quietly, â€Å"that it is more important what one does to rectify the wrong.† â€Å"Or perhaps,† the dowager snapped angrily, â€Å"one could manage not to make the mistake in the first place.† Jack leaned forward, interested now. â€Å"What did my father do that was so very very wrong?† â€Å"He died,† she said, and her voice was so bitter and full of chill that Jack heard Grace suck in her breath from across the table. â€Å"Surely you cannot blame him for that,† Jack murmured. â€Å"A freak storm, a leaky boat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"He should never have stayed so long in Ireland,† the dowager hissed. â€Å"He should never have gone in the first place. He was needed here.† â€Å"By you,† Jack said softly. The dowager’s face lost some of its usual stiffness, and for a moment he thought he saw her eyes grow moist. But whatever emotion came over her, it was swiftly tamped down, and she stabbed at her bacon and bit off, â€Å"He was needed here. By all of us.† Grace suddenly stood. â€Å"I will go find Maria now, your grace, if that is amenable.† Jack rose along with her. There was no way she was leaving him alone with the dowager. â€Å"I believe you promised me a tour of the castle,† he murmured. Grace looked from the dowager to him and back again. Finally the dowager flicked her hand in the air and said, â€Å"Oh, take him about. He should see his birthright before we leave. You may have your session with Maria later. I will remain and await Wyndham.† But as they reached the doorway, they heard her add softly, â€Å"If that is indeed still his name.† Grace was too angry to wait politely outside the doorway, and indeed, she was already halfway down the hall before Mr. Audley caught up with her. â€Å"Is this a tour or a race?† he asked, his lips forming that now familiar smile. But this time it did nothing but raise her ire. â€Å"Why did you bait her?† she burst out. â€Å"Why would you do such a thing?† â€Å"The comment about her hair, do you mean?† he asked, and he gave her one of those annoying innocent whatever-could-I-have-done-wrong looks. When of course he had to have known, perfectly well. â€Å"Everything,† she replied hotly. â€Å"We were having a perfectly lovely breakfast, and then you – â€Å" â€Å"You might have been having a perfectly lovely breakfast,† he cut in, and his voice held a newly sharp edge. â€Å"I was conversing with Medusa.† â€Å"Yes, but you didn’t have to make things worse by provoking her.† â€Å"Isn’t that what his holiness does?† Grace stared at him in angry confusion. â€Å"What are you talking about?† â€Å"Sorry.† He shrugged. â€Å"The duke. I’ve not noticed that he holds his tongue in her presence. I thought to emulate.† â€Å"Mr. Aud – â€Å" â€Å"Ah, but I misspoke. He’s not holy, is he? Merely perfect.† She could do nothing but stare. What had Thomas done to earn such contempt? By all rights Thomas should be the one in a blackened mood. He probably was, to be fair, but at least he’d taken himself off to be furious elsewhere. â€Å"His grace, it is, isn’t it?† Mr. Audley continued, his voice losing none of his derision. â€Å"I’m not so uneducated that I don’t know the correct forms of address.† â€Å"I never said you were. Neither, I might add, did the dowager.† Grace let out an irritated exhale. â€Å"She shall be difficult all day now.† â€Å"She isn’t normally difficult?† Good heavens, she wanted to hit him. Of course the dowager was normally difficult. He knew that. What could he possibly have to gain by remarking upon it other than the enhancement of his oh so dry and wry persona? â€Å"She shall be worse,† she ground out. â€Å"And I shall be the one to pay for it.† â€Å"My apologies, then,† he said, and he offered a contrite bow. Grace felt suddenly uncomfortable. Not because she thought he was mocking her, but rather because she was quite sure he was not. â€Å"It was nothing,† she mumbled. â€Å"It is not your place to worry over my situation.† â€Å"Does Wyndham?† Grace looked up at him, somehow captured by the directness of his gaze. â€Å"No,† she said softly. â€Å"Yes, he does, but no†¦Ã¢â‚¬  No, he didn’t. Thomas did look out for her, and had, on more than one occasion, interceded when he felt she was being treated unfairly, but he never held his tongue with his grandmother just to keep the peace. And Grace would never dream of asking him to. Or scold him for not doing so. He was the duke. She could not speak to him that way, no matter their friendship. But Mr. Audley was†¦ She closed her eyes for a moment, turning away so he could not see the turmoil on her face. He was just Mr. Audley for now, not so very far above her. But the dowager’s voice, soft and menacing, still rang in her ears – If that is indeed still his name. She was speaking of Thomas, of course. But the counterpart was true as well. If Thomas was not Wyndham, then Mr. Audley was. And this man†¦this man who had kissed her twice and made her dream of something beyond the walls of this castle – he would be this castle. The dukedom wasn’t just a few words appended to the end of one’s name. It was lands, it was money, it was the very history of England placed upon one man’s shoulders. And if there was one thing she had learned during her five years at Belgrave, it was that the aristocracy were different from the rest of humanity. They were mortals, true, and they bled and cried just like everyone else, but they carried within them something that set them apart. It didn’t make them better. No matter the dowager’s lectures on the subject, Grace would never believe that. But they were different. And they were shaped by the knowledge of their history and their roles. If Mr. Audley’s birth had been legitimate, then he was the Duke of Wyndham, and she was an overreaching spinster for even dreaming of his face. Grace took a deep, restorative breath, and then, once her nerves were sufficiently calmed, turned back to him. â€Å"Which part of the castle would you like to see, Mr. Audley?† He must have recognized that this was not the time to press her, and so he answered cheerfully, â€Å"Why, all of it, of course, but I imagine that is not feasible for a single morning. Where do you suggest we begin?† â€Å"The gallery?† He had been so interested in the paintings in his room the night before. It seemed a logical place to start. â€Å"And gaze upon the friendly faces of my supposed ancestors?† His nostrils flared, and for a moment he almost looked as if he’d swallowed something distasteful. â€Å"I think not. I’ve had enough of my ancestors for one morning, thank you very much.† â€Å"These are dead ancestors,† Grace murmured, hardly able to believe her cheek. â€Å"Which is how I prefer them, but not this morning.† She glanced across the hall to where she could see sunlight dappling in through a window. â€Å"I could show you the gardens.† â€Å"I’m not dressed for it.† â€Å"The conservatory?† He tapped his ear. â€Å"Made of tin, I’m afraid.† She pressed her lips together, waited a moment, then said, â€Å"Do you have any location in mind?† â€Å"Many,† he answered promptly, â€Å"but they’d leave your reputation in tatters.† â€Å"Mr. Au – â€Å" â€Å"Jack,† he reminded her, and somehow there was less space between them. â€Å"You called me Jack last night.† Grace did not move, despite the fact that her heels were itching to scoot backwards. He was not close enough to kiss her, not even close enough to accidentally brush his hand against her arm. But her lungs felt suddenly devoid of air, and her heart had begun to race, beating erratically in her chest. She could feel it forming on her tongue – Jack. But she could not say it. Not in this moment, with the image of him as the duke still fresh in her mind. â€Å"Mr. Audley,† she said, and although she tried for sternness, she did not quite manage it. â€Å"I am heartbroken,† he said, and he did it with the exact right note of levity to restore her equilibrium. â€Å"But I shall carry on, painful though it may be.† â€Å"Yes, you look to be in despair,† she murmured. One of his brows rose. â€Å"Do I detect a hint of sarcasm?† â€Å"Just a hint.† â€Å"Good, because I assure you† – he thumped one hand against his heart – â€Å"I am dying on the inside.† She laughed, but she tried to hold it in, so it came out more like a snort. It should have been embarrassing; with anyone else it would have been. But he had set her back at ease, and instead she felt herself smile. She wondered if he realized what a talent it was – to return any conversation to a smile. â€Å"Come with me, Mr. Audley,† she said, motioning for him to accompany her down the hall. â€Å"I shall show you my very favorite room.† â€Å"Are there cupids?† She blinked. â€Å"I beg your pardon?† â€Å"I was attacked by cupids this morning,† he said with a shrug, as if such a thing were a common day occurrence. â€Å"In my dressing room.† And again she smiled, this time even more broadly. â€Å"Ah. I’d forgotten. It’s a bit much, isn’t it?† â€Å"Unless one is partial to naked babies.† Again her laughter snorted out. â€Å"Something in your throat?† he asked innocently. She answered him with a dry look, then said, â€Å"I believe the dressing room was decorated by the present duke’s great-grandmother.† â€Å"Yes, I’d assumed it wasn’t the dowager,† he said cheerfully. â€Å"She doesn’t seem the sort for cherubs of any stripe.† The image that brought forth was enough to make her laugh aloud. â€Å"Finally,† he said, and at her curious look, added, â€Å"I thought you were going to choke on it earlier.† â€Å"You seem to have regained your good mood as well,† she pointed out. â€Å"It requires only the removal of my presence from her presence.† â€Å"But you only just met the dowager yesterday. Surely you’ve had a disagreeable moment before that.† He flashed her a broad grin. â€Å"Happy since the day I was born.† â€Å"Oh, come now, Mr. Audley.† â€Å"I never admit to my black moods.† She raised her brows. â€Å"You merely experience them?† He chuckled at that. â€Å"Indeed.† They walked companionably toward the rear of the house, Mr. Audley occasionally pressing her for information of their destination. â€Å"I shan’t tell you,† Grace said, trying to ignore the giddy sense of anticipation that had begun to slide through her. â€Å"It sounds like nothing special in words.† â€Å"Just another drawing room, eh?† To anyone else, perhaps, but for her it was magical. â€Å"How many are there, by the way?† he asked. She paused, trying to count. â€Å"I am not certain. The dowager is partial to only three, so we rarely use the others.† â€Å"Dusty and molding?† She smiled. â€Å"Cleaned every day.† â€Å"Of course.† He looked about him, and it occurred to her that he did not seem cowed by the grandeur of his surroundings, just†¦amused. No, not amused. It was more of a wry disbelief, as if he were still wondering if he could trade this all in and get himself kidnapped by a different dowager duchess. Perhaps one with a smaller castle. â€Å"Penny for your thoughts, Miss Eversleigh,† he said. â€Å"Although I’m sure they are worth a pound.† â€Å"More than that,† she said over her shoulder. His mood was infectious, and she felt like a coquette. It was unfamiliar. Unfamiliar and lovely. He held up his hands in surrender. â€Å"Too steep a price, I’m afraid. I am but an impoverished highwayman.† She cocked her head. â€Å"Wouldn’t that make you an unsuccessful highwayman?† â€Å"Touche,† he acknowledged, â€Å"but alas, untrue. I have had a most lucrative career. The life of a thief suits my talents perfectly.† â€Å"Your talents are for pointing guns and removing necklaces off ladies’ necks?† â€Å"I charm the necklaces off their necks.† He shook his head in a perfect imitation of offense. â€Å"Kindly make the distinction.† â€Å"Oh, please.† â€Å"I charmed you.† She was all indignation. â€Å"You did not.† He reached out, and before she could step away, he’d grasped her hand and raised it to his lips. â€Å"Recall the night in question, Miss Eversleigh. The moonlight, the soft wind.† â€Å"There was no wind.† â€Å"You’re spoiling my memory,† he growled. â€Å"There was no wind,† she stated. â€Å"You are romanticizing the encounter.† â€Å"Can you blame me?† he returned, smiling at her wickedly. â€Å"I never know who is going to step through the carriage door. Most of the time I get a wheezy old badger.† Grace’s initial inclination was to ask him if badger referred to a man or a woman, but she decided this would only encourage him. Plus, he was still holding her hand, his thumb idly stroking her palm, and she was finding that such intimacies severely restricted her talents for witty repartee. â€Å"Where are you taking me, Miss Eversleigh?† His voice was a murmur, brushing softly against her skin. He was kissing her again, and her entire arm shivered with the excitement of it. â€Å"It is just around the corner,† she whispered. Because her voice seemed to have abandoned her. It was all she could do to breathe. He straightened then, but did not release her hand. â€Å"Lead on, Miss Eversleigh.† She did, tugging him gently as she moved toward her destination. To everyone else, it was just a drawing room, decorated in shades of cream and gold, with the occasional accent of the palest, mintiest of greens. But Grace’s dowager-inflicted schedule had given her cause to enter in the morning, when the eastern sun still hung low on the horizon. The air shimmered in the early morning, somehow golden with the light, and when it streamed through the windows in this far-flung, unnamed drawing room, the world somehow sparkled. By midmorning it would be just an expensively decorated room, but now, while the larks were still chirping softly outside, it was magic. If he didn’t see that†¦ Well, she did not know what it would mean if he did not see that. But it would be disappointing. It was a small thing, meaningless to anyone but her, and yet†¦ She wanted him to see it. The simple magic of the morning light. The beauty and grace in the one room at Belgrave that she could almost imagine was hers. â€Å"Here we are,† she said, a little breathless with the anticipation. The door was open, and as they approached, she could see the light slanting out, landing gently on the smooth surface of the floor. There was such a golden hue to it, she could see every speck of dust that hung floating in the air. â€Å"Is there a private choir?† he teased. â€Å"A fantastical menagerie?† â€Å"Nothing so ordinary,† she replied. â€Å"But close your eyes. You should see it all at once.† He took her hands and, still facing her, placed them over his eyes. It brought her achingly close to him, her arms stretched up, the bodice of her dress just a whisper away from his finely tailored coat. It would be so easy to lean forward, to sigh into him. She could let her hands drop and close her own eyes, tilting her face toward his. He would kiss her, and she would lose her breath, her will, her very desire to, in that moment, be only herself. She wanted to melt into him. She wanted to be a part of him. And the strangest part was – right there, right then, with the golden light rippling down upon them – it seemed the most natural thing in the world. But his eyes were closed, and for him, one little piece of the magic was missing. It had to have been, because if he had felt everything that was floating around her – through her – he never would have said, his voice utterly charming – â€Å"Are we there yet?† â€Å"Almost,† she said. She should have been grateful that the moment was broken. She should have been relieved that she did not do something she was sure to regret. But she wasn’t. She wanted her regrets. She wanted them desperately. She wanted to do something she knew she should not, and she wanted to lie in bed at night letting the memory keep her warm. But she was not brave enough to initiate her own downfall. Instead, she led him to the open doorway and said softly, â€Å"Here we are.† How to cite The Lost Duke of Wyndham Chapter Ten, Essay examples

Network Security Using Bluetooth Essay Sample free essay sample

Abstraction Bluetooth is a wireless protocol using short-range communications engineering easing informations transmittals over short distances from fixed and/or nomadic devices. making wireless PANs. Bluetooth provides a manner to link and interchange information between devices such as nomadic phones. telephones. laptops. personal computing machines. pressmans. GPS receiving systems. digital cameras. So the security of the Bluetooth becomes really of import. We have different types of security for Bluetooth to protect the information over the transmittal Here we discuss some of the Bluetooth security method. Authentication-A end of Bluetooth is the individuality confirmation of pass oning devices. This security service addresses the inquiry â€Å"Do I know with whom I’m pass oning? † This service provides an abort mechanism if a device can non authenticate decently Confidentiality-Confidentiality. or privateness. is another security end of Bluetooth. The purpose is to forestall information via media caused by listen ining ( inactive onslaught ) . This service. in general. We will write a custom essay sample on Network Security Using Bluetooth Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page addresses the inquiry â€Å"Are merely authorised devices allowed to see my informations? † Authorization-One another end of Bluetooth is a security service developed to let the control of resources. This service addresses the inquiry â€Å"Has this device been authorized to utilize this service? † GlossaryPAN – PERSONAL AREA NETWORKSLFSR – LINEAR FEEDBACK SHIFT REGISTERKG – KEY GENERATORFHSS – FREQUENCY-HOPPING SPREAD- SPECTRUML2CAP – LOGICAL LINK CONTROL AND ADAPTATION PROTOCOL Bluetooth Overview Ad hoc webs today are based chiefly on Bluetooth engineering. Bluetooth is an unfastened criterion for short-range digital wireless. It is touted as a low-priced. low-power. and low-profile engineering that provide a mechanism for making little radio webs on an ad hoc footing. Bluetooth is considered a radio PAN engineering that offers fast and dependable transmittal for both voice and informations. Untethered Bluetooth devices will extinguish the demand for overseas telegrams and supply a span to bing webs. Bluetooth can be used to link about any device to any other device. An illustration is the connexion between a PDA and a nomadic phone. The end of Bluetooth is to link disparate devices ( PDAs. cell phones. pressmans. facsimiles. etc. ) together wirelessly in a little environment such as an office or place. Harmonizing to the taking advocates of the engineering. Bluetooth is a criterion that will finally Extinguish wires and overseas telegrams between both stationary and nomadic devices †¢ Eliminate wires and overseas telegrams between both stationary and nomadic devices †¢ Facilitate both informations and voice communications †¢ Offer the possibility of ad hoc webs and present synchronism between personal devices. Bluetooth is designed to run in the unaccredited ISM ( industrial. scientific. medical applications ) band that is available in most parts of the universe. with fluctuation in some locations. Bluetooth-enabled devices will automatically turn up each other. but doing connexions with other devices and organizing webs requires user action. Frequency and Data Ratess The interior decorators of Bluetooth like those of the 802. 11 WLAN criterion designed Bluetooth to run in the unaccredited 2. 4 GHz–2. 4835 GHz ISM frequence set. Because legion other engineerings besides operate in this set. Bluetooth uses a frequency-hopping spread-spectrum ( FHSS ) engineering to work out intervention jobs. OPERATING RANGE OF BLUETOOTH The FHSS strategy uses 79 different wireless channels by altering frequence about 1. 600 times per second. One channel is used in 625 microseconds followed by a hop in a pseudo-random order to another channel for another 625 microsecond transmittal ; this procedure is repeated continuously. As stated antecedently. the ISM set has become popular for radio communications because it is available worldwide and does non necessitate a licence. In the ISM set. Bluetooth engineering permits transmittal velocities of up to 1 Mbps and achieves a throughput of about 720 kbps. Although the information rates are low compared to those of 802. 11 wireless LANs. it is still three to eight times the mean velocity of analogue and consecutive ports. severally. This rate is adequately fast for many of the applications for which Bluetooth was conceived. Furthermore. it is anticipated that even faster information rates will be available in the hereafter. Security of Bluetooth This subdivision helps the reader to understand the constitutional security characteristics of Bluetooth. It provides an overview of the built-in security characteristics to better exemplify its restrictions and supply a motive for some of the recommendations for enhanced security. Security for the Bluetooth wireless way is depicted in the undermentioned figure. [ pic ] As shown in the illustration. security for Bluetooth is provided on the assorted wireless links on the wireless paths merely. In other words. associate hallmark and encoding may be provided. but true end-to-end security is non possible without supplying higher layer security solutions on top of Bluetooth. In the illustration provided. security services are provided between the PDA and the pressman. between the cell phone and laptop. and between the laptop and the desktop. Briefly. the three basic security services defined by the Bluetooth specifications are the undermentioned: Security Features of Bluetooth per the Specifications Bluetooth has three different manners of security. Each Bluetooth device can run in one manner merely at a peculiar clip. The three manners are the undermentioned:†¢ Security Mode 1-Nonsecure manner†¢ Security Mode 2-Service-level implemented security manner †¢ Security Mode 3-Link-level implemented security manner [ movie ] BLUE TOOTH SECURITY MODES In Security Mode 1. a device will non originate any security processs. In this non-secure manner. the security functionality ( hallmark and encoding ) is wholly bypassed. In consequence. the Bluetooth device in Mode 1 is in a â€Å"promiscuous† manner that allows other Bluetooth devices to link to it. This manner is provided for applications for which security is non required. such as interchanging concern cards. In Security Mode 2. the service-level security manner. security processs are initiated after channel constitution at the Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol ( L2CAP ) degree. L2CAP resides in the informations link bed and provides connection-oriented and connectionless informations services to upper beds. For this security manner. a security director ( as specified in the Bluetooth architecture ) controls entree to services and to devices. The centralised security director maintains constabularies for entree control and interfaces with other protocols and device users. Changing security constabularies and â€Å"trust† degrees to curtail entree may be defined for applications with different security demands runing in analogue. It is possible to allow entree to some services without supplying entree to other services. Obviously. in this manner. the impression of authorization-that is the procedure of make up ones minding if device A is allowed to hold entree to serve X-is introduced. In Security Mode 3. the link-level security manner. a Bluetooth device novices security processs before the channel is established. This is a constitutional security mechanism. and it is non cognizant of any application bed security that may be. This manner supports hallmark ( unidirectional or common ) and encoding. These characteristics are based on a secret nexus key that is shared by a brace of devices. To bring forth this key. a pairing process is used when the two devices communicate for the first clip. Link Key Generation—Bluetooth Bonding The nexus key is generated during an low-level formatting stage. while two Bluetooth devices that are pass oning are â€Å"associated† or â€Å"bonded. † Per the Bluetooth specification. two associated devices at the same time derive nexus keys during the low-level formatting stage when a user enters an indistinguishable PIN into both devices. 1. Combination – pairwise key2. Unit – unit – specific key3. Initialization – used during low-level formatting merely4. Maestro – used for broadcast The PIN entry. device association. and cardinal derivation are depicted conceptually. After low-level formatting is complete. devices automatically and transparently authenticate and perform encoding of the nexus. It is possible to make a nexus key utilizing higher bed cardinal exchange methods and so import the nexus key into the Bluetooth faculties. The PIN codification used in Bluetooth devices can change between 1 and 16 bytes. The typical 4-digit PIN may be sufficient for some applications ; nevertheless. longer codifications may be necessary. Authentication The Bluetooth hallmark process is in the signifier of a â€Å"challenge-response† strategy. Two devices Interacting in an hallmark process is referred to as the claimant and the voucher. The voucher is the Bluetooth device formalizing the individuality of another device. The claimant is the device trying to turn out its individuality. The challenge-response protocol validates devices by verifying the cognition of a secret key-a Bluetooth nexus key. The challenge-response confirmation strategy is depicted conceptually is given in figure. As shown. one of the Bluetooth devices ( the claimant ) attempts to make and link to the other ( the voucher ) . The stairss in the hallmark procedure are the undermentioned: Measure 1: The claimant transmits its 48-bit reference ( BD_ADDR ) to the voucher. Measure 2: The voucher transmits a 128-bit random challenge ( AU_RAND ) to the claimant. Algorithm to calculate an hallmark response utilizing the Measure 3: The voucher uses the E1 reference. nexus key. and random challenge as inputs. The claimant performs the same calculation. Measure 4: The claimant returns the computed response. SRES. to the voucher. Measure 5: The voucher compares the SRES from the claimant with the SRES that it computes. Step 6: If the two 32-bit SRES values are equal. the voucher will go on connexion constitution. [ pic ] If hallmark fails. a Bluetooth device will wait an interval of clip before a new effort can be made. This clip interval will increase exponentially to forestall an antagonist from repeated efforts to derive entree by get the better ofing the hallmark strategy through trial-and-error with different keys. However. it is of import to observe that this â€Å"suspend† technique does non supply security against sophisticated antagonists executing offline onslaughts to thoroughly seek PINs. Again. the Bluetooth criterion allows both uni- directional and common hallmark to be performed. The hallmark map used for the proof is based on the SAFER+ algorithm. E1 the Bluetooth reference is a public parametric quantity that is alone to each device. This reference can be obtained through a device enquiry procedure. The private key. or associate cardinal. is a secret entity. The nexus key is derived during low-level formatting. is neer disclosed outside the Bluetooth device. and is neer transmitted over the air-interface. The random challenge. evidently a public parametric quantity. is designed to be different on every dealing. The random figure is derived from a pseudo-random procedure within the Bluetooth device. The cryptanalytic response is public every bit good. With cognition of the challenge and response parametric quantities. it should be impossible to foretell the following challenge or deduce the nexus key. | | |SECRECY CHARACTERISTIC | |PARAMETER |LENGTH | | |Device Address |48 bits |Public | | | |Public. Unpredictable | |Random challenge |128 bits | | |Authentication response | | | | |32 bits |Public | |Link cardinal |128 spots |Secret | AUTHENTICATION PARAMETER TABLE Confidentiality In add-on to the hallmark strategy. Bluetooth provides for a confidentiality security service to queer listen ining efforts on the air-interface. Bluetooth encoding is provided to protect the warheads of the packages exchanged between two Bluetooth devices. The encoding strategy for this service is depicted conceptually in Figure. As shown in Figure the Bluetooth encoding process is based on a watercourse cypher. E0 end product is exclusive-OR-ed with the warhead spots and sent to the receiving device. This cardinal watercourse is produced utilizing a cryptanalytic algorithm based on additive feedback displacement registries ( LFSR ) . The encrypt map takes as inputs the maestro individuality ( BD_ADDR ) . the random figure ( EN_RAND ) . a slot figure. and an encoding key. which initialize the LFSRs before the transmittal of each package. if encoding is enabled. Since the slot figure used in the watercourse cypher alterations with each package. the coding engine is besides reinitialized with each package although the other variables remain inactive. In below figure the encoding key provided to the encoding algorithm is produced utilizing an internal key generator ( KG ) . This cardinal generator produces watercourse cypher keys based on the nexus key. random figure ( EN_RAND once more ) . and the ACO value. The ACO parametric quantity. a 96-bit attested cypher beginning. is another end product produced during the hallmark process shown in Bluetooth hallmark figure. As mentioned above. the nexus key is the 128-bit secret key that is held in the Bluetooth devices and is non accessible to the user. Furthermore. this critical security component is neer transmitted outside the Bluetooth device. The encoding key ( KC ) is generated from the current nexus key. The cardinal size may change from 8 spots to 128 spots and is negotiated. The dialogue procedure occurs between maestro devices and slave devices. During dialogue. a maestro device makes a cardinal size suggestion for the slave. In every application. a â€Å"minimum acceptable† cardinal size parametric quantity can be set to forestall a malicious user from driving the key size down to the lower limit of 8 spots. doing the nexus wholly insecure. The Bluetooth specification besides allows three different encoding manners to back up the confidentiality service: †¢ Encryption Mode 1-No encoding is performed on any traffic. †¢ Encryption Mode 2-Broadcast traffic goes unprotected ( non encrypted ) . but separately addressed traffic is encrypted harmonizing to the single nexus keys. †¢ Encryption Mode 3-All traffic is encrypted harmonizing to the maestro nexus key. Mandate In add-on to the three security manners. Bluetooth allows two degrees of trust and three degrees of service security. The two degrees of trust are â€Å"trusted† and â€Å"un-trusted. † Trusted devices are 1s that have a fixed relationship and hence have full entree to all services. Un-trusted devices do non keep a lasting relationship ; this consequences in a restricted service entree. For services. three degrees of security have been defined. These degrees are provided so that the demands for mandate. hallmark. and encoding can be set independently. The security degrees can be described as follows: Service Level 1- Those that requires mandate and hallmark. Automatic entree is granted merely to trusted devices. Un-trusted devices need manual mandate. Service Level 2- Those that require hallmark merely. Access to an application is allowed merely after an hallmark process. Authorization is non necessary. Service Level 3- Those that are unfastened to all devices. Authentication is non required. and entree is granted automatically. Associated with these degrees are the undermentioned security controls to curtail entree to services: mandate required ( this ever includes hallmark ) . hallmark required. and encoding required ( associate must be encrypted before the application can be accessed ) . The Bluetooth architecture allows for specifying security policies that can put trust relationships in such a manner that even trusted devices can acquire entree merely to specific services and non to others. It is of import to understand that Bluetooth nucleus protocols can authenticate lone devices and non users. This is non to state that user-based entree control is non possible. The Bluetooth security architecture ( through the security director ) allows applications to implement their ain security policies. The nexus bed. at which Bluetooth specific security controls operate. is crystalline to the security controls imposed by the application beds. Thus it is possible to implement user-based hallmark and powdered entree control within the Bluetooth security model. Decision Bluetooth offers several benefits and advantages. Specifically. Bluetooth need to turn to security concerns for confidentiality. informations unity. and web handiness. Furthermore. since Bluetooth devices are more likely to be managed by agencies of the above security manners. Mentions: Cryptanalysis: Theory and pattern by D. Stinsown Internet security protocols by Uyless black Network security by Ankit Fadia Cryptography and watermarking-Attack and counter steps by Neil. F. Johnson Web sites: World Wide Web. ifsac. com World Wide Web. cryptanalysis. com World Wide Web. networksecurity. com hypertext transfer protocol: //www. research. att. com/

Research Paper on Strategic Planning Essay Example

Research Paper on Strategic Planning Essay Introduction Strategic planning is an indispensable component of success for virtually any organization, irrespective of the nature of its goals. Utilising a variety of strategic planning means, members of an organization can create a plan that will suit their particular needs and wants and help them attain the desired goals. Strategic planning is a â€Å"process to establish priorities on what you will accomplish in the future† (Evans). The use of strategic planning allows the organization to unite all its resources and effectively allocate it to the solution of tasks and assignments in the order of their importance that corresponds to the set goals and priorities. Forcing members of the organization to map out future strategy, strategic planning enables them to have a clear vision of what they want to accomplish. This research paper will include the application of strategic planning model to the functioning of the entrepreneurial organization, InternetGates, a provider of Internet services, design and high-tech solutions. The paper will include a brief review of strategic planning models and in-depth application of these models to the particular organization. Strategic Planning Models The ultimate goal of strategic planning is to create an organization that is â€Å"agile, collaborative and focused† (Lavia, 2004, p. 56). While the purpose is uniform, there are some actions that can be used to arrive at this purpose that is reflected in several strategic planning models. The first model is basic and is organized as follows: We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Strategic Planning specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Strategic Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research Paper on Strategic Planning specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Develop the purpose reflected in the mission statement State the goals to be achieved for the realization of the mission statement Develop strategies that are needed to attain goals â€Å"Identify specific action plans to implement each strategy† Regularly monitor the implementation of the plan (McNamara, 1999). This straightforward model is expanded in Issue-Based (or Goal-Based) Planning that also includes the internal/external analysis of the organization and development of the implementation plan (McNamara, 1999). The third model, called Alignment Model, envisages changes to the current situation to be made to adjust the organization, correcting flaws and inefficiencies. Finally, Scenario Planning involves preparation of scenarios to address possible changes in the external environment. This paper will rely on Issue-Based (or Goal-Based) Planning Model to map out the future of the organization. Mission Statement The development of the mission statement â€Å"determines the competitive arena in which an organization operates, how resources are to be allocated, and the appropriate size of the organization† (Mercer, 1991, p. 63). The organization’s mission statement is important because it defines â€Å"the overall organizational purpose and driving force(s) (Mercer, 1991, p. 63). internet games is a complex organization that operates in some areas, delivering news coverage, analytical reporting, high-tech solutions such as logos and multimedia presentations, online advertising, and software and design development services. Therefore, the mission statement should embrace these areas. Also, it should focus on stakeholders the organization wants to benefit such as clients, employees, investors, and others. The mission statement has to answer the question â€Å"What business are we in?† and define the driving force as â€Å"the primary strength of the organization on which major decisions are based† (Mercer, 1991, p. 63, 64). With all these considerations in mind, this can be an appropriate mission statement for internet games: InternetGates strives to provide its clients with high-class, state-of-the-art Internet service that will supply one-stop, integrated solutions, with the primary thrust being the high level of services offered enabled through the accumulation of expertise and knowledge in a carefully selected employee body. This mission statement reflects the concentration of the organization on the provision of comprehensive services network. It also reflects the emphasis on qualified staff retention and stresses the quality of services. Organization Overview InternetGates, or InternetGates.com, is an electronic media network that includes four sites representing four different projects: FinanceGates, RealEstateGates, GamblingGates, and FashionGates, each with its own topic area and staff. The organization is structured in such a way that nearly every employee is subordinated to the line manager within the project and functional manager, such as Head of the Content Department, Marketing Director, etc. This structure often creates tensions when there are discrepancies between objectives set by various managers, and these requirements clash, competing for the attention of employees. The managers sometimes are not sure who has a greater authority, the project manager or the functional manager, and therefore compete for power. The main competitive advantage of the organization is its young, enterprising team that consists of professionals who have nearly accomplished the establishment part of their career and are now ready to move into more advanced positions. They have accumulated sufficient expertise they can bring to the projects and possess a vast array of ideas to apply to their work. However, the level of expertise is not level across departments, and sometimes there are instances of unprofessional work such as weak articles and inadequate research on the topic. The technology in the organization is state-of-the-art and corresponds to all modern requirements. This area is one of the competitive advantages of the team. External Environment The external environment in which the organization operates demonstrates many important trends. Some of those that can be relevant to InternetGates include the expansion of weblogs, increasing role of social networking on the Web, the trend of net users to create their own digital content, increase in the number of smart screen smartphones with Internet access, and rise in the use of mobile digital media (Greenlee, 2005). The organization may be interested in the observed rise in tech stocks, and rising demand from companies for flexible technical solutions. These trends demonstrate that InternetGates needs to update its business to suit the changing needs continuously. For instance, the addition of weblogging to news coverage is a great advantage to a modern medium source. Accounting for the needs of smartphone users and increasing flexibility can also become appropriate points of focus for the organization. Strategic Objectives To increase its competitiveness in the global marketplace, InternetGates should: Strive to accumulate as much knowledge as possible that can be applied in providing high-level services, solving complex technological problems and finding innovative solutionsAim at integration of services so that clients can receive a one-stop service that will carefully balance all their requirementsCreate a viable community of users united through virtual communication Strategies To achieve these strategic objectives, the organization can implement the following policies: Knowledge accumulationDevelop and implement a staff retention program. To accomplish this, the organization needs to decide what members of the staff it wants to retain. Most logically, these can be qualified individuals such as programmers, content managers, marketers and others that contribute to the success of the organization. The retention program has to be designed with consideration of the demographics and other characteristics of the corresponding group. For instance, since a large part of the qualified staff is about 25-35 years of age, a good option can be the introduction of an affordable childcare facility. The implementation of the plan needs to consider the resource base of the organization. Recruitment has to be improved to exclude the option of hiring under-qualified professionals that allow lapses in their work. Rigorous testing, the introduction of a trial period and test assignments can answer these concerns effectively. Ongoing training should be provided to pers onnel to help them navigate in the vast amount of information that can be used to improve their prospects. Integration of ServicesServices have to be integrated in a smooth way that will provide cooperation between various departments. This can become possible if the organization creates cross-functional teams that will unite professionals from different departments. These teams can meet on a regular basis, solving issues relevant to the customer. The implementation will be more successful if it is monitored by someone with experience in teamwork, perhaps in a different organization. Creation of User CommunityThe programmers have to design and implement features on the website that will enable user comments to articles permitting users to get better to know each other. Comments have to be added at the bottom of the page, not eclipsing editorial content, but at the same time being visible to a new visitor. Addition of weblogs to regular news coverage can be a viable option that will permit the organization to use its resources better to help people meet each other on the Web and share their thoughts and feelings. Conclusion The successful development of InternetGates.com will depend on the organization’s ability to realize its strategic planning. The mission statement developed by the company emphasizes its strengths, enabling it to take these strengths to a new level, generating a lasting competitive advantage. This mission was used to reflect on strategic objectives. The presence of three strategic objectives can be considered an optimal number for any organization as it will enable it to concentrate on key areas, without spreading its efforts too thin. These strategic objectives were translated into specific strategies that will support organizational development.

Free Essays on The Golden Age Of Greece

The ancient statues and pottery of the Golden Stone Age of Greece were much advanced in spectacular ways. The true facts of Zeus’s main reason for his statue. The great styles of the Kouros and the Kore. The story of The Blinding of Polphemus, along with the story of Cyclops. The Dori and Ionic column stone temples that were built in Greece that had an distinctive look. The true colors of the vase, Aryballos. The vase that carried liquids from one place to another. The Lyric Poetry that was originally a song to be sung to the accompaniment of the lyre. Zeus was considered, according to Homer, the father of the gods and of mortals. He did not create either gods or mortals; he was their father in the sense of being the protector and ruler both of the Olympian family and of the human race. He was lord of the sky, the rain god, and the cloud gatherer, who wielded the terrible thunderbolt. His breastplate was the aegis, his bird the eagle, his tree the oak. Zeus presided over the gods on Mount Olympus in Thessaly. His principal shrines were at Dodona, in Epirus, the land of the oak trees and the most ancient shrine, famous for its oracle, and at Olympia, where the Olympian Games were celebrated in his honor every fourth year. The Nemean games, held at Nemea, northwest of Argos, were also dedicated to Zeus. Zeus was the youngest son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea and the brother of the deities Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. According to one of the ancient myths of the birth of Zeus, Cronus, fearing that he might be dethroned by one of his children, swallowed them as they were born. Upon the birth of Zeus, Rhea wrapped a stone in swaddling clothes for Cronus to swallow and concealed the infant god in Crete, where he was fed on the milk of the goat Amalthaea and reared by nymphs. When Zeus grew to maturity, he forced Cronus to disgorge the other children, who were eager to take vengean... Free Essays on The Golden Age Of Greece Free Essays on The Golden Age Of Greece The ancient statues and pottery of the Golden Stone Age of Greece were much advanced in spectacular ways. The true facts of Zeus’s main reason for his statue. The great styles of the Kouros and the Kore. The story of The Blinding of Polphemus, along with the story of Cyclops. The Dori and Ionic column stone temples that were built in Greece that had an distinctive look. The true colors of the vase, Aryballos. The vase that carried liquids from one place to another. The Lyric Poetry that was originally a song to be sung to the accompaniment of the lyre. Zeus was considered, according to Homer, the father of the gods and of mortals. He did not create either gods or mortals; he was their father in the sense of being the protector and ruler both of the Olympian family and of the human race. He was lord of the sky, the rain god, and the cloud gatherer, who wielded the terrible thunderbolt. His breastplate was the aegis, his bird the eagle, his tree the oak. Zeus presided over the gods on Mount Olympus in Thessaly. His principal shrines were at Dodona, in Epirus, the land of the oak trees and the most ancient shrine, famous for its oracle, and at Olympia, where the Olympian Games were celebrated in his honor every fourth year. The Nemean games, held at Nemea, northwest of Argos, were also dedicated to Zeus. Zeus was the youngest son of the Titans Cronus and Rhea and the brother of the deities Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Demeter, and Hera. According to one of the ancient myths of the birth of Zeus, Cronus, fearing that he might be dethroned by one of his children, swallowed them as they were born. Upon the birth of Zeus, Rhea wrapped a stone in swaddling clothes for Cronus to swallow and concealed the infant god in Crete, where he was fed on the milk of the goat Amalthaea and reared by nymphs. When Zeus grew to maturity, he forced Cronus to disgorge the other children, who were eager to take vengean...

You can chocse name for topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

You can chocse name for topic - Essay Example The company develops a system that combines various password preferences and any other payment platform into one single click in the form of a button. Mae’s colleagues become active in the company’s social media platform and pressure mounts on her to join in (Eggers, Page 25-85). The company is more of a control freak as its quiet policy requires every member of the organization to join its social media platform on the basis of truth and transparency something it later envisions to do to all the U.S citizens. Everyone appears comfortable except Mae’s ex-boyfriend who is of the opinion that they should not record every single detail of their daily lives. The book brings to fore the argument as to whether it is right to expose every detail in our lives (Eggers, Page 36-96). According to Mae’s ex-boyfriend, some issues about our lives should never be let out for the whole world to know. Privacy is paramount and the whole world should not be aware of where we are and the things we do at every time. This amounts to privacy trading whereby we give every detail of our life with the hope that we will receive some kind of global connectedness which in the real sense is none existent. We end up losing our self-sovereignty as our privacy disappears the moment we expose every detail about our life to the whole world as it happens to Mae in the book The

Benefits of RFID Tags Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Benefits of RFID Tags - Essay Example Because of this, a piece of clothing can be tracked to a specific location. Some critics of the new electronic system claim that criminals will be able to determine what products someone has bought recently, which may lead to an increase in crime. Additionally, some people are concerned that retail stores will be able to scan people when they walk through the front door. A new form of ID card contains radio-frequency tags. The new system may be used to match a customers license with their credit card, making it easy to tell when they enter and exit the store. C. In order to clam the concerns of customers, it may be possible to attach the electronic tags to hang tags, which of course are removed once the customer has made the purchase. This provides the perfect compromise because customers are able to keep their identities yet the store can track each item that is sold. A. For American companies, globalization provides them with cheaper labor costs, which in turn result in higher revenues. Overseas workers are willing to work for less than the average American worker. Many Asian countries, such as China and Vietnam, have large populations where the economy relies on manual labor work. B. The potential threats that American companies are facing because of globalization are lower wages and cheap materials. Third world countries have access to vast amounts of materials and for cheaper prices than found in America. C. Apple was one of the last American companies to begin sending jobs overseas. While labor costs are often identified as the reason for outsourcing, Apple admitted that the cheap parts available for its products in Asia were the biggest motivation to shift jobs away from America.  

Script for radio news report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Script for radio news report - Essay Example It is an all rounded topic that is touching on the current situation in Singapore’s social and political life. THOUSANDS OF SINGAPOREANS THRONGED THE STREETS TODAY IN CELEBRATION OF SINGAPORE’S FORTY-NINTH BIRTHDAY. THE EXCITEMENT IS ALMOST TANGIBLE AMONGST THE PEOPLE WITH A NUMBER OF PERFORMANCES SET FOR THESE CELEBRATIONS. DOZENS OF SINGAPORE CITIZENS HAVE TAKEN TIME AWAY FROM THEIR DAILY ROUTINE TO CELEBRATE THE COUNTRY’S INDEPENDENCE DAY. THEY HAVE CONVERGED IN THE STREETS AS A SHOW OF THEIR PRIDE IN THE STEPS TAKEN BY THE COUNTRY SINCE IT GAINED INDEPENDENCE. ALTHOUGH THEY ARE CONSIDERED TO BE THE LEAST POSITIVE PEOPLE, A MAJORITY OF THE SINGAPOREANS WE INTEEVIEWED ARE VERY PROUD OF THE STEPS THAT THIS COUNTRY HAS TAKEN SO FAR. SOME FEEL THAT THE GOVERNMENT HAS TAKEN ENOUGH STEPS IN ENSURING THAT THE PEOPLE RECEIVE THE BEST SERVICES FROM MOST PUBLIC OFFICES. WHILE A FEW SINGAPOREANS FEEL THAT THE GOVERNMENT IS YET TO ATTAIN ITS FULL POTENTIAL, MOST ARE HAPPY WITH THE STEPS TAKEN SO FAR. AT THE MOMENT, ALL THAT SINGAPOREANS ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO IS AN ULTIMATE BIRTHDAY FOR THE

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay

Development Of Sentencing Policy In England Law Essay According to Andrew Ashworth (Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 5th Edition, Cambridge University Press (2010), p.77), section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing, and one which invites inconsistency. In the light of this statement discuss, and comment, on the aims and purposes of sentencing. To what extent are they a reflection of sentencing currently practised by courts? This essay seeks to consider the way in which the sentencing policy has developed under English law on the basis of the fact that many academics including Ashworth look upon the current system as being somewhat pick-and-mix illustrated by section 142 of the Criminal Justice Act 2003. With this in mind, this essay looks to produce a discussion that is considered to be able to serve to provide an understanding of the aims of sentencing traditionally and as to how English law has looked to fulfil these aims and the extent to which they have proved successful in this regard. In considering the idea section 142 of The Criminal Justice Act (CJA) 2003 appears to embody the worst of pick-and-mix sentencing (Ashworth, 2010), it is necessary to appreciate how it may invite inconsistency by first discussing the aims of sentencing before looking to expand and focus this discussion upon the specific provision and related provisions. On this basis, it should be possible to then determine the extent to which these aims are a reflection of policies of sentencing currently practised by courts in the UK and their associated aims. Finally, this essay will then look to conclude with a summary of the key points derived from this discussion in relation to the remit of sentencing in the UK and as to how it is currently practised by domestic courts. When considering the different aims of sentencing there are significant rationales involved with the development of an effective policy focussed upon achieving retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation, restorative justice, and incapacitation founded upon a specific offenders culpability that can prove complicated (Tonry, 2005). Nevertheless, such an understanding is ably supported by philosopher, Immanuel Kant (2002) to mark the beginning of modern theories of punishment as he argued the only morally legitimate justification for sentencing. Therefore, the key function of such policy is to look to ensure offenders receive the appropriate sentences to manage the apparent conflict that exists between individual liberty under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 1950 (domestically implemented by the Human Rights Act (HRA) 1998) and the interests of society as a whole (see, for example, Steel v. United Kingdom). However, it has proved difficult for an effective sente ncing policy to develop that is able to find a balance between the aims that have been recognised to account for goals of crime-prevention and the apportioning of punishment (Fraser, 2005). More specifically, government policy makers have sought to explain away major changes with a view to increasing public confidence (Home Office, 2002, p.13) because the criminal justice system domestically did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make punishments and sanctions for criminal activity more effective, certain, and consistent (Tonry, 2005). Sentencing policy in the UK has been largely explained by the fact that, for over a decade, government policy makers have explained away major changes as part of a larger effort to increase public confidence in the English legal system (Home Office, 2002, p.13). Prior to the making of these changes, it had been a traditional social belief this countrys criminal justice system did not have the necessary credibility and legitimacy government policy makers felt was necessary to make criminal punishments more effective, certain, and consistent to address citizens problems (Tonry, 2005). But, despite this clear need and the changes, it is arguable that sentencing has still become something of a pick and mix process aptly illustrated by section 142 of the CJA 2003 regarding the purpose of sentencing policy in the English legal system (Ashworth, 2010). Therefore, both the aims and purpose of the domestic system of sentencing has arguably been lost without set guidelines to follow in the int erests of fairness and consistency regarding the sanctioning of offenders because the current codification of the law is arguably too discretionary for the judiciary to utilise in keeping with the remit of their powers as it relates to making their decisions in any given case. Section 142 of the CJA 2003 recognises criminal courts need to consider the following purposes of sentencing (a) punishment; (b) the reduction of crime; (c) reform and rehabilitation; (d) social protection; and (e) reparation. As a result, unfortunately, it is arguable such a provision was always bound to lead to significant problems because it seems to require the judiciary to actively consider a variety of aims before then giving weight to one factor above all of the rest that they must consider to reach a decision (Ashworth, 2010). But such concerns regarding sentencing serve to detract from its aims that now arguably lack foundation since the Sentencing Guidelines Council has adopted section 143 as opposed to section 142 of the CJA 2003 to determine appropriate sanctions for criminal offenders (Tonry, 2005). Section 143 specifically provides, for the purpose of sentencing, the court must consider the offenders culpability in committing the offence and any harm which the offenc e caused, was intended to cause or might foreseeably have cause. Therefore, it has been for the Sentencing Guidelines Council to focus its attention upon the proportionality principle to determine what is required for the sentencing of individual criminal offences to be more effective (Von Hirsch Roberts, 2004). However, the policy of sentencing under English law still remains sufficiently uncertain so one is left to wonder what will happen if section 142 of the CJA 2003 is favoured when determining how the Sentencing Guidelines Councils Overarching Principles Seriousness (2004) is to be followed by the courts in deciding sanctions in any given case. This is because it has proved arguable that section 142 under the CJA 2003 has already given the judiciary too greater autonomy in deciding the sentencing of offenders in any given case regarding the appropriate sanction for the offence the defendant has committed where they are found guilty (Rex Tonry, 2005, Chapter 5). As a result, doubts have arisen throughout society about whether changes in sentencing would actually reduce crime when many people have sought tougher penalties to reduce crime rates through a system that expounded the virtues of deterrence and incapacitation to achieve the aforementioned aims of sentencing. At the same time, however, there is a need to appreciate the prospect for effective rehabilitation from the sentence that an offender is given has changed quite radically under contemporary law. This is because effectively targeted programs, as part of an offenders sentence, can serve to limit the probability of that individual then re-offending through the drug treatment, anger management, sex-offender treatment, and various educational and vocational-skills programs implemented to prevent further offences occurring in the interests of crime prevention within society (Gaes, 1999). By way of illustration, the Home Offices Halliday Report provided the foundation for a massive reorganisation of the English criminal justice system under the CJA 2003 so it was concluded if the [treatment] programmes are developed and applied as intended, to the maximum extent possible, reconviction rates might be reduced by 5-25 percentage points. (Halliday, et al, 2001, p.7) Therefore, a new approach to custodial sentences was proposed and endorsed totalling less than a year with three specific options available. The first is custody plus consisting of a maximum of 13 weeks in prison with the rest being made up by community service, whilst sentencing may also consist of a policy of intermittent custody that involves weekend imprisonment for up 51 weeks (sections 183-186 at CJA 2003). Finally, there is also the possibility of custody minus whereby the offenders sentence is suspended for a maximum of 51 weeks with community service carried out instead (Von Hisch Roberts, 2004). On this basis, the methods for dealing with minor criminal matters have taken on greater significance with the CJA 2003s enactment, since sections 22-27 now also supplement the existing system of cautions (under the Police Criminal Evidence Act 1984) with conditional cautions which may be given when the conditions set out are fulfilled (Ashworth Redmayne, 2005, Chapter 6). However, whilst the CJA 2003 has introduced a new mandatory minimum sentence of five years for possession of firearms without a licence under section 287, there has been a distinct lack of Court of Appeal guidance for the minimum sentence for domestic burglary (section 111 at Power of Criminal Courts (Sentencing) Act 2000) but was not endorsed by the Court of Appeal (R v. Hoare) unlike, for example, guidelines on rape (R v. Milberry). Moreover, the CJA 2003 also eliminated the automatic life imprisonment sentence and absorbed it within the new dangerousness sentences (sections 224-236 Schedules 15 18 of the CJA 2003 because decisions like Stafford v. UK recognised the Home Secretarys power to set a minimum time for someone to remain in prison who is imprisoned for life (see also section 269 Schedule 21 of the CJA 2003). As for the matter of previous convictions impact upon sentencing individual offenders, where an individual has already been convicted of another offence they should be liable to a much stricter penalty for all offences they are convicted of thereafter because such convictions are illustrative of an individuals bad character in court proceedings to impact upon a given case (Choo, 2006, Chapter 8). However, the CJA 2003 have proved somewhat controversial to say the least because the precise moment of their coming into force has proved a matter of notable dispute (R v. Bradley) as well as the fact that, in a criminal trial, any evidence relevant to the case should be admissible (Rees Roberts, 2006). This proved necessary because it was previously largely understood under section 1(3) of the Criminal Evidence Act 1898 the prosecution in any criminal case was unable to adduce evidence of a defendants bad character except regarding the offence a defendant was charged with unless it was co nsidered probative to the best interests of justice (Durston, 2004). But what Lord Wilberforce said in Boardman v. Director of Public Prosecutions (p.444) acted as a caveat in recognising the admission of similar fact evidence (of the kind now in question) is exceptional and requires a strong degree of probative force to be admissible prior to the CJA 2003. Therefore, the level of sentencing may then be determined fairly and consistently in keeping with the facts of any given case to provide sufficient sanctions in the best interests of justice for society as a whole (Fitzpatrick, 2006). In addition, the exclusionary rule previously emphasised as being of fundamental significance against the admission of previous misconduct and other evidence of bad character has now been largely abolished where it is found the matters to be considered are relevant to the issues at hand (section 101 of the CJA 2003). By way of illustration, under section 103(1) of the CJA 2003, the matters in issue between the defendant and the prosecution include: (a) The question whether the defendant has a propensity to commit offences of the kind with which he is charged, except where his having such a propensity makes it no more likely that he is guilty of the offence (Roberts, 2006). But whilst there is little doubt those who drafted this provision intended to make evidence of a defendants bad character admissible because it shows they have a general tendency to commit offences, there is room for considerable doubt about whether the provision achieves its aim (Withey, 2007). To conclude, policy makers under English law have sought to develop a system of sentencing that fulfils its recognised aims since the CJA 2003 has sought to provide for the achievement of higher levels of fairness in the decisions reached to prevent further instances of crime and act in societys best interests. This is because not only can an effective system of sentencing provide a deterrent for others in society, but this can also serve as a means of punishment and rehabilitation. However, whilst the CJA 2003s remit has been called into question because it would seem to give too wider discretion to the judiciary in looking to reason out their decisions, previous convictions must also now be taken into account in determining the level of sentencing for any individual found guilty of a criminal offence as an indication of bad character under the CJA 2003. But, to achieve a consistent and fair approach to the administration of justice through an effective sentencing policy, it is stil l necessary to adhere to the Act to come to a fair approach to sentencing and sanctions to punish and rehabilitate a guilty offender whilst also deterring others from carrying out similar offences.

Glory :: essays research papers

Black soldiers were among the bravest of those fighting in the Civil War. Both free Blacks in the Union army and escaped slaves from the South rushed to fight for their freedom and they fought with distinction in many major Civil War battles. Many whites thought Blacks could not be soldiers. They were slaves. They were inferior. Many thought that if Blacks could fight in the war it would make them equal to whites and prove the theory of slavery was wrong. Even though Black soldiers had to face much discrimination during the Civil War, they were willing to fight to the death for their freedom. In the movie â€Å"Gloryâ€Å" the director focused on the African Americans in the north that fought in the 54th regiment led by Colonel Robert Gould Shaw. During the time of the Civil War, the African Americans that fought in the 54th regiment were often treated unfairly but there were always nice people that backed them up.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the Civil War, there were people who were extremely prejudiced against the 54th regiment because the soldiers were all different colored skin and the people where used to the idea that different color skinned people worked as slaves. In â€Å"Glory,â€Å" Colonel Montgomery, the Sargent that trained and prepared them for war, and the colonel that was in charge of distributing necessities, served as the people who discriminated the African American soldiers. When he was teaching the soldiers how to march, some of them couldn’t tell the difference between left and right. He acted as if all African Americans were uneducated and they were hopeless to teach. Shoes were an essential part of training. Many of the African American soldiers didn‘t even have decent shoes when they enrolled for the war. Naturally, after all the training, their shoes wore down. If the 54th regiment were composed of white soldiers, the department that passed out shoes wou ld already have prepared extra shoes for them. But since the 54th regiment was composed of all African Americans, the regiment was discriminated and there were no extra shoes for them. The other white generals thought the 54th regiment would never go on a battlefield and even if they did, they probably would all die. Therefore there were no extra resources for them. Another fact that there were some racist sentiments was that the African American soldiers only got a $10 pay while the white soldiers got $13.

Business Communication Trends Paper

University Of Phoenix Introduction to Business Communication Trends Paper Business Communication is a tool that allows you to improve the performance of your employees, performance of teams within the company. It also allows you to improve the performance of the entire organization, with the common goal helping company to fulfill it’s mission. (http://www. skills2lead. com/definition-of -business-communication. html). Business Communication plays a major role in my daily activities at work. I work for a cellular phone company and in this business things change daily. We constantly have to come with ways to rely this information effectively to the agents on the floor. For example we have a section called new and changed, the agents are supposed to read this everyday. This section tells them about the latest updates or about any changes that have been made. For some reason the agents were not reading this everyday like they should so that made the company think what can we do to make the agents read the material? The company decided to do simulations that the agents had to interact with, which kept their attention, and the at the end there were questions that had to be answered about the reading, and you have to score a 80% or better to pass. By communicating with my agents, and fellow managers I am able to keep my daily work activities organized. This way I stay organized is by putting everything on my calendar such as lunch, meetings, etc†¦. For example when i go to lunch I send out an email to everyone in the office letting know I am gone and when I return, this lets the make the other managers aware of how many of them are left on the floor, and if we are short or not usually if another manager is gone I will hold off on lunch until they get back to ensure there is enough coverage of the floor. By communicating this helps me to let everyone know when I am available and when I am not. If I did not communicate it would make things very difficult this helps me to not be double booked for two interviews at once and not to have anything scheduled during my lunch break. The trend that I am seeing the most in my current work place is team work. Team work is very important because you want to get everyone’s opinions and different views on situations. When working in customer care there are a lot of issues that may arise one of the most common issues is when a customer returns a phone but still gets charged for it on their bill. It can be frustrating at times because it takes up so much time to look up this information, and agents are logging off of their phones to do research, which is taking money away from the company. My company gets paid by billable hours so if an agent is not on the phone we lose money. So my boss started communicating with his bosses to see what could be done to get the problem we were having under control, and still bring in more money. So my boss started thinking how can we resolve this problem, and still make more money. He ended up getting with other directors from other sites to get ideas on how this can be resolved. And they all came up with getting a equipment department internally. By doing this the regular agents no longer had to get off of their phones to research equipment, and since we would have special trained agents that meant more money for the company. So they pitched the ideas to their boss and six months later we have our own equipment department within the site. By communicating their ideas and thoughts, and showing how this would benefit the company the directors got what they wanted, and they did it by working together. Communication is in almost everything we do rather it is in a marriage, at work, or at home just to name a few. In order to improve and move forward we have to communicate. In a Business communication is key each and every department is working towards particular goals to help the company achieve what they set out to, but the ultimate goal is to make more money for the company.